This paper explores the three main different type of skin cancers: Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Which of the three is most dangerous when it develops and how to recognize growth of a skin cancer lesion. Skin cancer can be fatal and we will discuss how easy it is to detect and the importance of early detection. We will also learn how to recognize the signs and symptoms of skin cancer and where to look on our bodies. Risk factors will be explored, especially those under our control and those that are not, along with a look at the population that is most susceptible. Tips on how to prevent skin cancer will be highlighted and treatment options will be discussed if skin cancer development occurs. Abbreviations used in the paper are as follows: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), signs and symptoms (S/S), ultraviolet light, (UV), ultraviolet light long wave (UVA), ultraviolet light short wave (UVB).
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, it is the abnormal growth of skin cells. One million Americans each year are diagnosed with skin cancer and nearly half of all Americans will develop a cancerous skin lesion at least once in their lives by age 65. If left untreated or undetected, skin caner can be deadly, skin cancer claims approximately 11,000 lives each year in the Untied States. Fortunately, the two most common types of skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are both superficial, slow growing and highly treatable if found early. Malignant melanomas are a more rare form of skin cancer, while also being a more serious type of cancer, it has the greatest potential to spread to other tissues in the body being potentially fatal if not detected and treated early.
Knowing the risk factors for skin cancer development and being aware of the environmental component will help you avoid and identify skin cancer. Most commonly skin cancer develops from improper protection and overexposure to the sun’s UVA and UVB radiation rays. Generally, people over 50 year of age are at a greater risk for contracting BCC because of their prolonged sun exposure. Having fair skin, less melanin provides less protection against the sun and it’s widely known if you have light colored hair, eyes or freckles you’re 20 to 30 times more likely to develop skin cancer in your lifetime. Living at high elevation, in warmer climates, using tanning beds or having a history of sunburns increases risk of skin cancer development.
Since melanomas are the most deadly form of skin cancer let’s discuss the signs and symptoms of this cancer first. Melanomas develop usually in preexisting moles because of the concentrated melanocytes which is that pigmented mole or a beauty mark on your skin. If you’re suspicious of a mole or spot on your skin, the American Academy of Dermatology has formed a self examination guide tool, the A-B-C-D-E guide. A, is for asymmetry, look for irregular shapes where one half of the mole is different from the other. B, is for border, irregular, notched scalloped or vaguely defined boarder. C, is for color, uneven distribution of color or many colors within one mole. D, is for diameter, any growth that is larger in diameter than a pencil eraser head which is 6mm. E, is for evolving, changes over time, any itchiness, bleeding, or new S/S.
Skin cancer usually develops on areas of the body that are most exposed to the sun, like the face, lips, scalp, ears, neck, chest, arms, hands, lower legs and feet. Skin cancers don’t all look the same but they all involve a localized change in the effected area of the skin. BCC’s S/S include, a pearly or waxy bump or a flat flesh or brown colored lesion which may ulcerate after a few months, are slow to enlarge or never completely heal. SCC’s S/S include a firm red nodule or a scaly flat lesion with a noted crusted surface. The tumor can ulcerate, causing local pain and may possibly not completely heal. SCC’s are a more aggressive skin cancer than BCC’s because it can metastasize to underlying tissue and lymph nodes. For this reason SCC’s are not completely superficial but tend to be more so than malignant melanomas.
Treatment for skin cancers will vary depending on the type of carcinoma or melanoma, it’s location, stage of growth and tissues that have been effected. Doctors will generally divide skin cancer into two stages: local, effecting only the epidermis, the most superficial layer of the skin or metastatic, spreading beyond the epidermis into underlying tissue, possibly nearby glands and organs. A biopsy of just the skin will determine the spread of slow moving cancers like BCC and SCC’s. If the cancer is a melanoma or has existed for a lengthy period, a biopsy of the nearby lymph nodes will be performed or specialized x-rays will be used to determine the potential spread of the skin cancer.
With early treatment BCC and SCC’s have a cure rate of 95% which includes a variety of techniques like, scarping, cauterizing, freezing and radiation. Some SCC’s might require the removal by surgery of surrounding skin effected by metastasis which also might require a skin graft to replace displaced tissue. Melanomas are treated by surgical removal of the tumor along with a wide margin of healthy tissue. Sometimes nearby lymph nodes are removed and if the cancer has spread to other organs, additional chemotherapy or radiation therapy will be necessary. Often a reconstructive skin graft will be recommended especially if the cancer was on the face or neck.
There are a few risk factors that are out of our control when it comes to being predisposed to developing skin cancer. Genetics seems to play a role in some melanomas that develop in sun deprived areas of our bodies, like the soles of our feet or clefts, where creases are not exposed to sun radiation. Having a parent or grandparent that had skin cancer might put you at greater risk as well. Higher risk populations are also seen in people who have multiple moles, precancerous skin lesions, having fragile skin that has been burned or skin conditions like psoriasis. Individuals who have undergone organ transplants, people with a weakened immune system like having HIV or people receiving cancer treatments are at a greater risk that is out of their control.
Your best defense against skin cancer is covering up from the sun. Especially covering areas of our bodies that are more sensitive to the sun, like our face and lips. Wearing hats, sun shirts and using sunscreens and lip balms with both UVA and UVB protection is best. Sun exposure time should be limited and staying away from direct sun exposure when it’s at it’s strongest during the middle of the day is also recommended. Avoid sun tanning and tanning beds. In addition, having a regular medical examination can give your doctor a baseline on preexisting moles that may need to be watched in the future. Your doctor my detect skin that is abnormal that you might have missed in your own self exam, self exams are recommended every three months.